Efendi

Bakınız: Mevla , مولی , Veli , velî , Vali , mürebbi

D
Effendi effendy efendi eˈfændi افندی efendi
originally from Medieval Greek: αφέντης aˈfendis) is a title of nobility meaning sir, lord or master, especially in the Ottoman Empire and the Caucasus. The title itself and its other forms are originally derived from Medieval Greek aphentēs which is derived from Ancient Greek authentēs meaning lord.

It is a title of respect or courtesy, equivalent to the English Sir. It was used in the Ottoman Empire and Byzantine Empire. It follows the personal name, when it is used, and is generally given to members of the learned professions and to government officials who have high ranks, such as bey or pasha. It may also indicate a definite office, as hekim efendi, chief physician to the sultan. The possessive form efendim (my master) is used by servants, in formal discourse, when answering the telephone, and can substitute for "excuse me" in some situations (e.g. asking someone to repeat something).

In the Ottoman era, the most common title affixed to a personal name after that of agha was efendi. Such a title would have indicated an "educated gentleman", hence by implication a graduate of a secular state school (rüşdiye), even though at least some if not most of these efendis had once been religious students, or even religious teachers.^{[not verified in body]}

Lucy Mary Jane Garnett wrote in the 1904 work Turkish Life in Town and Country that Ottoman Christians, women, mullahs, sheiks, and princes of the Ottoman royal family could become effendi, a title carrying "the same significance as the French Monsieur" and which was one of two "merely conventional designations as indefinite as our "Esquire" has come to be in the United Kingdom". --- The Republican Turkish authorities abolished the title circa the 1930s.

Etymology
The Ottoman Turkish word افندی, in modern Turkish efendi, is a borrowing of the Medieval Greek αφέντης aféndēs, from Byzantine Greek ἀφέντης aphéntēs, from Ancient Greek αὐθέντης authéntēs, "master, author, doer, perpetrator" (cf. authentic). This word was widely used as a Greek title for Byzantine nobles as late as 1465, such as in the letters of Cardinal Bessarion concerning the children of Thomas Paleologus.

Other uses
* Effendi (Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [æˈfændi]) was also considered a title for a man of high education or social standing in an eastern (Mediterranean or Middle Eastern) country. It was an analogous to esquire, and junior to bey in Egypt during the period of the Muhammad Ali dynasty, and was used a lot among the Egyptians. * Effendi is still used as an honorific in Egypt, Jordan, and Turkey (as well as some other former Ottoman states), and is the source of the word أفندم؟ afandim?, Turkish: efendim, a particularly polite way of saying, "Excuse me?", and can be used in answering the phone.^{[citation needed]} * The colonial forces of British East Africa and German East Africa were built from a stock of Sudanese soldiers of the Egyptian army, which was nominally under the Ottoman Empire. These units entered East Africa with some officers who brought their title of effendi with them and, thus, it continued to be used for non-European officers of the two colonial forces. Up to the present the Swahili form afande is a way to address officers in the armies of Kenya, Tanzania and recently in Rwanda with the coming to power of RPF.^{[citation needed]} ** Effendi (Governor's Commissioned Officer) was the highest rank that a Black African could achieve in the British King's African Rifles (KAR) until 1961 (from then, promotions to commissioned officers became possible). They were equivalent to the Viceroy's Commissioned Officers in the British Indian Army. An Effendi's authority was confined to other KAR troops (Askaris), and he could not command British troops. The KAR rank came into disuse during the 1930s and was reintroduced in 1956. ** Effendi was also a non-European's officer rank in the Schutztruppe of German East Africa. Similar to the above British practice, Effendis were promoted by a governor's warrant, not by a kaiser's commission, as white commissioned officers were. Effendis had no authority over white troops. In the Schutztruppe this rank was used, together with other ranks of Ottoman origin like "Tschausch" (sergeant) and "Ombascha" (corporal). * In Bosnia and Herzegovina "Efendija" refers to Muslim clerics.^{[citation needed]} * In Indonesia and Malaysia, "Effendi" can be used as a first name.^{[citation needed]} * In Pakistan and India, "Effendi" is the surname of some families whose ancestors migrated from Turkey or Afghanistan.^{[citation needed]} * In Afghanistan, some members of the former ruling Barakzai clan of Durranis also use "Effendi" or a variant "Affandi" as their surname.^{[citation needed]} * In China, "Effendi" (阿凡提) often refers to Nasreddin.^{[citation needed]} * Jazz pianist McCoy Tyner has one composition named "Effendi". It appears on his debut album, Inception. * Shoghi Effendi, born Shoghí Rabbání, acquired the title from ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in his youth. * The word “apándi” used among today's Uighurs is nothing but master.

Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy Ottoman titles] Mustafa Sabri Efendi

Garnett, Lucy Mary Jane. Turkish Life in Town and Country. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1904. p. 5. Shaw, Stanford J. and Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (Volume II). Cambridge University Press, 27 May 1977. ISBN 0521291666, 9780521291668. p. 386. αὐθέντης. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project. Hans-Jürgen Kornrumpf (1979) Langenscheidt's Universal Dictionary, Turkish-English, English-Turkish, Langenscheidt KG, Berlin and Leipzig ISBN 978-0-88729-167-8 # ^ See entry "Afande" in TUKI KAMUSI YA KISWAHILI-KIINGEREZA, by Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili, Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam; Toleo la 1 Edition (January 1, 2001), online here; "afande: respectful or formal address used by a soldier to his/her superior; respectful or formal answer of a soldier to his/her superior's call." Armies in East Africa 1914-18, Osprey Men-at-Arms, Peter Abbott, 2002, ISBN 978-1-84176-489-4 Gelfand, A. Allmusic Review accessed February 19, 2009.

* Baranovitch, Nimrod. "From the Margins to the Center." China Quarterly 175: 726-750 . Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003. * Drompp, Michael. Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A History. Brill Academic Publishers, 2004. * ReadLiterature.com - Definition of Efendi * A Nation of Empire: The Ottoman Legacy of Turkish Modernity

Eskiden şehzadeler, din adamları, eğitim görmüş kişiler için özel adlardan sonra kullanılan unvan. Günümüzde ise bey unvanından farklı olarak özel adlardan sonra kullanılan ikinci derecede bir unvandır. Bunun dışında 'efendi', aşağıdaki cümlelerde kullanıldığı gibi değişik anlamları da içermektedir. : Hoca Efendi minareden düştü. (okumuş adam) : O kızın babası efendi bir adamdır. (saygıdeğer, çelebi) : Efendilik bende kalsın. (kibarlık, terbiye, ağırbaşlılık) : Bizim efendi kırkından sonra azdı. (koca) : Kapıcı Mehmet Efendi gazeteleri getirdi mi? (bey denmeyecek kişilere verilen 2. derecedeki unvan) : Peygamber Efendimiz her zaman sahabelerine danışırdı. (saygın, sözü dinlenir) : Köpek efendisinin arkasından seyirtti. (sahip) : Hizmetçi kız efendisinin terliklerini getirdi. (evin sahibi erkek) : Efendiler gibi yaşayabilirdi ama o başka bir hayat seçti. (varlıklı, refah içinde) : Buyurun efendim. (saygı)

Efendi; Bizans'ta bir saygı unvanı olan Orta Yunancadaki "avthéntis" kökünden türetilmiş, bey, üstad, hazret anlamında bir kelimedir. Kadınlar için "hanımefendi" olarak kullanılır.

Mevla Sahib. Rabb.

Efendi. Köleyi âzad eden.
Şanlı. Şerefli. Mâlik.
Mün'im-i Mutlak olan Cenab-ı Hak (C.C.).
Terbiye eden, mürebbi.
Yardımcı, muavenet eden.
Dost ve komşu.
Azâd olan.
Efendi,sahip,malik,Allah
Seyyid
Seyyidul kavmi hadimuhum
Kumu ala seyyidukum seyyidiniz için ayağa kalkınız. Hz Muaz için Yahudilerle arabuluculuktan gelince söylediği söz.
La tekumu kema tekâmü-l açim acemler gibi ayağa kalkmayınız Hz peygamberin kendisi için ayağa kalkanlara karşı sözü

Anlamlar

[1] Allah.

[2] efendi.

[3] velî.

[4] köle azat eden.

Yazılışlar

مولی

Bizans Rumcası’ndan (aféndis) Türkçe’ye geçmiş olan ve “sahip, mâlik” anlamına gelen kelime.

Tarihçesi[]

Mevlânâ’nın şiirlerinde geçtiğine göre XIII. yüzyıldan önce Anadolu’da kullanılmış olmalıdır.

Kastamonu emîrinin kardeşine efendi unvanının verildiği bilinmektedir. Bu unvan Osmanlılar’da daha yaygın şekilde görülür.

Âşıkpaşazâde’deki kayda göre Kara Rüstem, Kazasker Çandarlı Kara Halil’e efendi şeklinde hitap etmişti (Târih, s. 54).

Fâtih Sultan Mehmed de Galata ahalisine verdiği Rumca fermanda kendisi için bu unvanı kullanmıştır.

Efendi kelimesi, Arapça “seyyid” ve “mevlâ” kelimelerinin karşılığı olarak kullanılmıştır.

XV. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından sonra tahsil görmüş saygıdeğer ve itibar sahibi kimselere mahsus bir tabir olarak kullanılmaya başlanmış ve sosyal, siyasî, ilmî, dinî ve tasavvufî çevrelerde giderek geniş bir kullanım alanı bulmuştur.

Devletin yüksek memurlarından bazılarına da efendi unvanı verilirdi.

Özel örnekler[]

Şeyhülislâma “efendi dâîmiz”, İstanbul kadısına “İstanbul efendisi”, reîsülküttâba “reis efendi”, Yeniçeri Ocağı kâtibine “yeniçeri efendisi”, yeniçeri kâtibinin dairesine de “efendi kapısı” veya “efendi dairesi” adı verilmiştir.

Sonraki asırlarda bu unvanın kullanılışı daha da yaygınlaşmıştır.

Hz. Muhammed için “Peygamber efendimiz” şeklindeki söyleyiş halk arasında yaygınlık kazandığı gibi tarikat mensupları şeyhleri için aynı kelimeyi kullanmışlardır.

XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında şehzadelere resmen efendi denilmeye, padişahlar hakkında “efendimiz” tabiri kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.

Arapçaya dühulü[]

Efendimiz kelimesinin Arapçalaştırılmış şekli olan “efendinâ”, Mehmed Ali Paşa’dan sonra Mısır’da da kullanılmıştır.

Çin'deki Uygur Türklerinde[]

Bugünkü Uygurlar arasında kullanılan “apándi” kelimesi efendiden başka bir şey değildir.

Usule bağlanması[]

Bu yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti efendi kelimesinin kullanılışını bir usule bağlamıştır.

Padişah zevcelerine “kadınefendi” denildiği gibi hanım ve bey unvanları da efendi ile birleştirilerek “hanımefendi” ve “beyefendi” şeklini almıştır.
Şeyhülislâmlar ve hıristiyan din büyükleri için de efendi unvanı kullanılmıştır.
Bâlâya kadar rütbe sahibi olanlara efendi denilirdi
Bâlâ rütbesini alanlara “atûfetlü beyefendi hazretleri” denilmiştir.
Tanzimat’tan sonra ise resmî olarak sadece okur yazarlar ve mektep talebeleri bu unvanla anılmıştır.

Meclislerde kullanımı[]

I. Meşrutiyet döneminde kurulan Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’da üyelere efendi veya bey denilirdi.

Meclis başkanı üyelere “efendiler” diye hitap ederdi. Bu hitap tarzı Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi kurulduktan sonra da meclis başkanlarınca kullanılmıştır.

Efendi kelimesi ağa, bey ve paşa unvanlarıyla birlikte resmî unvan olarak 26 Kasım 1934 tarih ve 5290 sayılı kanunla kaldırılmıştır.

Hizmetli sınıfı için kullanılmaya başlanması[]

Saygı ifadesi olarak benzeri unvanlarla birlikte hâlâ çok yaygın şekilde kullanılan bu kelime olmakla beraber hizmetliler sınıfından olan kimselerin adıyla birlikte kullanılması Cumhuriyet’ten sonra ortaya çıkmıştır.

Effendi or effendy (Turkish: efendi [eˈfændi]; Ottoman Turkish: افندی, romanized: efendi; originally from Medieval Greek: αφέντης [aˈfendis]) is a title of nobility meaning sir, lord or master, especially in the Ottoman Empire and the Caucasus. The title itself and its other forms are originally derived from Medieval Greek aphentēs which is derived from Ancient Greek authentēs meaning lord.

It is a title of respect or courtesy, equivalent to the English Sir. It was used in the Ottoman Empire and Byzantine Empire. It follows the personal name, when it is used, and is generally given to members of the learned professions and to government officials who have high ranks, such as bey or pasha. It may also indicate a definite office, as hekim efendi, chief physician to the sultan. The possessive form efendim (my master) is used by servants, in formal discourse, when answering the telephone, and can substitute for "excuse me" in some situations (e.g. asking someone to repeat something).

In the Ottoman era, the most common title affixed to a personal name after that of agha was efendi. Such a title would have indicated an "educated gentleman", hence by implication a graduate of a secular state school (rüşdiye), even though at least some if not most of these efendis had once been religious students, or even religious teachers.^{[not verified in body]}

Lucy Mary Jane Garnett wrote in the 1904 work Turkish Life in Town and Country that Ottoman Christians, women, mullahs, sheiks, and princes of the Ottoman royal family could become effendi, a title carrying "the same significance as the French Monsieur" and which was one of two "merely conventional designations as indefinite as our "Esquire" has come to be [in the United Kingdom]".

The Republican Turkish authorities abolished the title circa the 1930s.

Contents[]

1Etymology
2Other uses
3See also
4Notes
5References

Etymology[edit source][]

The Ottoman Turkish word افندی, in modern Turkish efendi, is a borrowing of the Medieval Greek αφέντης aféndēs, from Byzantine Greek ἀφέντης aphéntēs, from Ancient Greek αὐθέντης authéntēs, "master, author, doer, perpetrator" (cf. authentic). This word was widely used as a Greek title for Byzantine nobles as late as 1465, such as in the letters of Cardinal Bessarion concerning the children of Thomas Paleologus.

Other uses[edit source][]

Effendi (Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [æˈfændi]) was also considered a title for a man of high education or social standing in an eastern (Mediterranean or Middle Eastern) country. It was an analogous to esquire, and junior to bey in Egypt during the period of the Muhammad Ali dynasty, and was used a lot among the Egyptians.
Effendi is still used as an honorific in Egypt, Jordan, and Turkey (as well as some other former Ottoman states), and is the source of the word أفندم؟ afandim?, Turkish: efendim, a particularly polite way of saying, "Excuse me?", and can be used in answering the phone.^{[citation needed]}
The colonial forces of British East Africa and German East Africa were built from a stock of Sudanese soldiers of the Egyptian army, which was nominally under the Ottoman Empire. These units entered East Africa with some officers who brought their title of effendi with them and, thus, it continued to be used for non-European officers of the two colonial forces. Up to the present the Swahili form afande is a way to address officers in the armies of Kenya, Tanzania and recently in Rwanda with the coming to power of RPF.^{[citation needed]}
- Effendi (Governor's Commissioned Officer) was the highest rank that a Black African could achieve in the British King's African Rifles (KAR) until 1961 (from then, promotions to commissioned officers became possible). They were equivalent to the Viceroy's Commissioned Officers in the British Indian Army. An Effendi's authority was confined to other KAR troops (Askaris), and he could not command British troops. The KAR rank came into disuse during the 1930s and was reintroduced in 1956.
- Effendi was also a non-European's officer rank in the Schutztruppe of German East Africa. Similar to the above British practice, Effendis were promoted by a governor's warrant, not by a kaiser's commission, as white commissioned officers were. Effendis had no authority over white troops. In the Schutztruppe this rank was used, together with other ranks of Ottoman origin like "Tschausch" (sergeant) and "Ombascha" (corporal).
In Bosnia and Herzegovina "Efendija" refers to Muslim clerics.^{[citation needed]}
In Indonesia and Malaysia, "Effendi" can be used as a first name.^{[citation needed]}
In Pakistan and India, "Effendi" is the surname of some families whose ancestors migrated from Turkey or Afghanistan.^{[citation needed]}
In Afghanistan, some members of the former ruling Barakzai clan of Durranis also use "Effendi" or a variant "Affandi" as their surname.^{[citation needed]}
In China, "Effendi" (阿凡提) often refers to Nasreddin.^{[citation needed]}
Jazz pianist McCoy Tyner has one composition named "Effendi". It appears on his debut album, Inception.
Shoghi Effendi, born Shoghí Rabbání, acquired the title from ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in his youth.
The word “apándi” used among today's Uighurs is nothing but master.

Notes[edit source][]

^
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:
^ Garnett, Lucy Mary Jane. Turkish Life in Town and Country. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1904. p. 5.
^ Shaw, Stanford J. and Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (Volume II). Cambridge University Press, 27 May 1977. ISBN 0521291666, 9780521291668. p. 386.
^ αὐθέντης. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
^
^
^
^
^
^ Hans-Jürgen Kornrumpf (1979) Langenscheidt's Universal Dictionary, Turkish-English, English-Turkish, Langenscheidt KG, Berlin and Leipzig ISBN 978-0-88729-167-8
^ See entry "Afande" in TUKI KAMUSI YA KISWAHILI-KIINGEREZA, by Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili, Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam; Toleo la 1 Edition (January 1, 2001), online here; "afande: respectful or formal address used by a soldier to his/her superior; respectful or formal answer of a soldier to his/her superior's call."
^
^ Armies in East Africa 1914-18, Osprey Men-at-Arms, Peter Abbott, 2002, ISBN 978-1-84176-489-4
^ Gelfand, A. Allmusic Review accessed February 19, 2009.

References[edit source][]

Baranovitch, Nimrod. "From the Margins to the Center." China Quarterly 175: 726-750 . Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003.
Drompp, Michael. Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A History. Brill Academic Publishers, 2004.
ReadLiterature.com - Definition of Efendi
A Nation of Empire: The Ottoman Legacy of Turkish Modernity

Kaynaklar[]

İbn Battûta, Seyahatnâme, I, 353.

Âşıkpaşazâde, Târih, s. 54.

Hammer, HEO, II, 523.

J. Psicheri, “Efendi”, Mélanges offerts à Louis Havet, Paris 1909, s. 387-427.

Cl. Huart, Les saints des derviches tourneurs, Paris 1922, II, 429.

Ahmed Îsâ Beg, el-Muḥkem fî uṣûli’l-kelimâti’l-ʿâmmiyye, Kahire 1358/1939, s. 14.

M. Fuad Köprülü, Bizans Müesseselerinin Osmanlı Müesseselerine Tesiri, İstanbul 1981, s. 10, 11, 191, 192, 199.

G. Jarring, Return to Kashgar, Durham 1986, s. 43.

Orhan F. Köprülü, “Efendi”, İA, IV, 132-133.

B. Lewis, “Efendi”, EI² (İng.), II, 687.

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